Definition of Networking .

                         Networking

Networking is the sharing of information and services. Networking
is possible when individual or groups have information or abilities
that they wish to share with others. Computer networking provides
the communication tools to allow computers to share information
and abilities.



They are three types computing networking
  •  Centralized computing
  •  Distributed computing
  •  Collaborative computing

CENTRALIZED COMPUTING

Large centralized computers called Mainframes, were used to store
and organize data. Local nodes connected to central computer through
serial ports. Computing done by Mainframe and process output
communicated to terminal via serial port. These terminals consisting
of monitor, keyboard, they are known as Dumb terminal.

DISTRIBUTED (CLIENT/SERVER) COMPUTING

Instead of centralizing all computing processing into a single
mainframe, distributed computing uses multiple personal computers
to achieve the goals. The chief advantage of this is each personal
computer having its own processing power also takes advantage of
sharing files, printers and communications. This type of network also
known as SERVER/CLIENT network. Novell NetWare is one such a
network.
Here are some benefits of server-based networks:
  • They provide centralized user accounts, security, and access controls, which simplifies network administration.
  •  More powerful equipment means more efficient access to network resources as well.
  •  Users only have to remember a single password for network login, which allows them to access all resources that they have permission to access. Now, let’s take a look at some server-based networking disadvantages:
  •  A server failure can render a network unusable; at best, it results in loss of network resources.
  •  Such networks require an expert staff to manage the complex, special-purpose server software, which adds to the overall cost.
  •  Costs also increase due to the requirements of dedicated hardware and specialized software.

COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING

Collaborative computing is a synergistic type of distributed computing
where Network computers actually share processing abilities. All
PC in the network acts as server and client and shares the resources
of individual computer. This kind of network is known as PEER TO
PEER network. Windows 95/98 is one such example.
Here are some benefits of peer-to-peer networks:
  •  They are easy to install and configure.
  •  Individual machines do not depend on a dedicated server.
  •  Users are able to control their own-shared resources.
  •  This type of network is inexpensive to purchase and operate.
  •  You don’t need any equipment or software other than an
operating system.
  •  It is not necessary to have an employee act as a dedicated administrator to run the network.
  •  This type of network is well suited for networks with 10 or fewer users. Peer-to-peer networks have following drawbacks as well:
  •  You can only apply network security to one resource at a time.
  •  Users might have to remember, as many passwords as there are shared resources.
  •  You must perform individual backups on each machine to protect all shared data.
  •  When someone accesses shared resources, the machine where the resource resides suffers a performance hit.
  •  There is no centralized organizational scheme to locate or
control access to data.
Distributed v/s Collaborative Network
Selecting a network depends on the circumstances. You should
select a peer-to-peer network only when all of the following conditions
apply:
  •  There are no more than 10 network users (preferably, no more than 5).
  •  All machines on the network are in close proximity to fit within a single LAN.
  •  Budget considerations require an inexpensive solution.
  •  You don’t need any specialized servers, (for example, fax servers, communication servers, or application servers). On the other hand, a server-based network makes sense when one or more of the following conditions are true:
  •  More than 10 users must share the network.
  •  You require centralized control, security, resource management, or backup.
  •  You require access to specialized servers, or there is a heavy demand for network resources.
  •  You are using an Inter network or you require WAN access.

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